Rules of the Day
1-18-2024
Click Here for a copy of the lectures notes I wrote in class
Click here for a copy of handouts I used in class today
Featured Golden Rule of Chemistry: 9. Functional groups react the same in different molecules.
1. The popular medical diagnostic technique of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is based on the same principles as NMR, namely the flipping (i.e. resonance) of nuclear spins of H atoms by radio frequency irradiation when a patient is placed in a strong magnetic field. Magnetic field gradients are used to gain imaging information, and rotation of the gradient around the center of the object gives imaging in an entire plane (i.e. slice inside patient). In an MRI image, you are looking at individual slices that when stacked make up the three-dimensional image of relative amounts of H atoms, especially the H atoms from water and fat, in the different tissues. [Memorize the preceding passage, as it will be worth a lot of points on the first page of every exam including the final] Click here for a handout on MRI.
2. Organometallic reagents such as organolithium reagents, Grignard reagents, and Gilman reagents are important because the are easy to prepare and they place a partial negative charge on a carbon atom, making the carbon nucleophilic.
3. Organolithium (R-Li) and Grignard reagents (R-Mg-X) are prepared by reacting haloalkanes with two equivalents of Li° metal or one equivalent of Mg° metal, respectively.
4. Organolithium and Grignard reagents have a partial negative charge on carbon.
5. Gilman reagents are made from two equivalents of an organolithium reagent reacting with CuI.
6. Organolithium, Grignard and Gilman reagents react as nucleophiles with epoxides at the less hindered site to give new carbon-carbon bonds. Carbon-carbon bond forming!
7. Gilman reagents are very useful because they react as nucleophiles with primary haloalkanes, vinylic halides, aryl halides (halogen atom attached to sp2 carbon of a double bond including benzene rings) and epoxides at the less hindered site to give new carbon-carbon bonds! (Note that organolithium and Grignard reagents do not react with primary haloalkanes, vinylic halides or aryl halides, just epoxides) Carbon-carbon bond forming!
Homework:
If you are new to my class, you might want to take my old CH320M/CH328M final (from 12-10-22). This will give you a calibration regarding your preparation for this class. Click here for a copy of the old CH320M/CH328M final. My class average on this exam was right around 79% on this final. (GREAT JOB shout out to my Fall of 2022 class by the way!!!) Click here for a copy of the same final exam with answers.
Read: Sections 16.1 - 16.5 in the ebook textbook. This text is part of the Longhorn Textbook access program.
Take the Daily Quiz 2 before 10 PM tomorrow. Click here to access the quiz. These quizzes are designed to review the important material from today's lecture. Together, they will count as 3% of your final grade.
Continue working on the Homework Problem Set 1, due at 10 PM on Monday, Juanuary 22. Click here to access the Homework Problem Set 1. Note there are Aktiv Learning and Gradescope Questions, and you MUST DO BOTH. Homeworks will be worth 10% of your final grade (20% from the Aktiv Learning and 80% from the Gradescope portions of the homework).